B2 · Modal verbs for assumptions

Er muss krank sein.

muss as a deduction: he must be ill

Formmüssen + Infinitiv (sein / haben) als Schlussfolgerung

Meaning and usage

müssen normally means have to. Used subjectively, it says what the speaker concludes is almost certainly true: Die Tür lässt sich nicht öffnen; das Schloss muss defekt sein (the lock must be broken). Wenn das eine richtig ist, muss das andere falsch sein. The speaker is not talking about an obligation but about how sure they are.

The deduction reading is clearest with sein, haben or a perfect infinitive, and where an obligation makes no sense: Er muss krank sein cannot mean he is obliged to be ill. The opposite, can't be, is kann nicht, not muss nicht: Das kann nicht stimmen. muss nicht means doesn't have to.

Examples 5

Test yourself

  1. 1 Sprachbausteine

    Überall brennt Licht. Die Nachbarn zu Hause sein.

    Show answer

    Correct answer: müssen

    From the lights the speaker concludes that something is almost certain, which is müssen used subjectively: Die Nachbarn müssen zu Hause sein.

    • sollen would pass on what others say or give an instruction, not a conclusion from the lights.
    • dürfen is about permission, which the lights say nothing about.
    • wollen would be a wish or a claim by the neighbours themselves.

In this topic: Modal verbs for assumptions

  1. Er muss krank sein. muss as a deduction: he must be ill
  2. Er dürfte schon zu Hause sein. dürfte: probably, a careful estimate
  3. Das kann stimmen. Er könnte recht haben. Das mag sein. kann, könnte, mag: how possible something is
  4. Er soll sehr reich sein. soll: is said to, according to others
  5. Er will nichts gewusst haben. will: claims to, often with doubt
  6. Er muss krank gewesen sein. assumptions about the past: muss gewesen sein

Example sentences from Tatoeba, used under CC BY 2.0 FR. See sources.

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